Factional Distillation of Crude Oil

8. 2. 1 (iv) Fractional Distillation of Crude inunct By Blake Turner Year 11 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Introduction Crude oil is the term for unprocessed oil, the stuff that comes come forth of the ground. It is also known as petroleum. Crude oil is a dodo fuel, meaning that it was made naturally from decaying plants and animals living in ancient seas millions of historic period ago most places you end find crude oil were one time sea beds. Crude oils vary in colour, from clear to tar-black, and in viscosity, from weewee to almost solid. On average, crude oils are made of the following elements or compounds * Carbon 84% Hydrogen 14% * Sulphur 1 to 3% (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur) * Nitrogen slight than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups) * Oxygen less than 1% (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids) * Metals less than 1% (nickel, iron, vanadium, copper, arsenic) * Salts less t han 1% (sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride) The crop Fractional Distillation The oldest and most common way to separate things into non-homogeneous components (called fractions), is to do it using the differences in stewing temperature.This process is called waist-length distillation. You fundamentally heat crude oil up, let it vapourize and then contract the vapour The various components of crude oil grant different sizes, weights and turn temperatures so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called fractional distillation. The steps of fractional distillation are as follows 1. You heat the classification of two or more warmnesss ( semiliquids) with different boiling points to a steep temperature.Heating is usually done with high pressure steam to temperatures of about 1112 degrees Fahrenheit(postnominal) / 600 degrees Celsius. 2. The mixture boils, f orming vapor ( floatconadees) most substances go into the vapor phase. 3. The vapor enters the bottom of the inning of a long tug (fractional distillation column) that is filled with trays or plates. The trays have many holes or bubble caps (like a loosened cap on a soda bottle) in them to allow the vapor to pass through. They increment the contact time between the vapor and the liquids in the column and do to stash liquids that form at various heights in the column.There is a temperature difference across the column (hot at the bottom, alter at the top). 4. The vapor rises in the column. 5. As the vapor rises through the trays in the column, it cools. 6. When a substance in the vapour reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substances boiling point, it will condense to form a liquid. (The substance with the lowest boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column substances with higher boiling points will condense lower in the colum n. ). 7.The trays collect the various liquid fractions. 8. The collected liquid fractions may pass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks, or they may go to some otherwise areas for further chemical processing. Components of the Mixture Crude Oil Components All the . harvest-home Boiling point ( degrees Celsius ) Petroleum gas 40 Naphtha or ligroin 60-100 accelerator pedal 40 205 Kerosene 175-325 Gas oil 250-350 Lubricating oil 300-370 Heavy gas 370-600 Residues 600 Products of Separation Assessment Question Why is the mixture separated?What are the components used for? Why is Mixture Separated? 42393793 161b What are the Components employ For? at a lower place is a list of separated components and what they are used for Petroleum gas Used for heating, cooking and making plastics. Commonly known by the name methane, ethane, propane, butane. Naphtha or Ligroin Intermediate that will be further processed to take for gasoline. Gasoline Motor fuel. liquid Kerosene Fuel for jet engines and tractors scratch line hooey for making other products. liquid Gas Oil or Diesel DistillateUsed for diesel fuel and heating oil starting material for making other products. liquid Lubricating Oil Used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants. liquid Heavy Gas or Fuel oil Used for industrial fuel starting material for making other products. liquid Residuals Coke, asphalt, tar, waxes starting material for making other products solid Wastes Bibliography http//science. howstuffworks. com/environmental/ aught/oil-refining4. htm http//www. aip. com. au/industry/fact_refine. htm www. theoildrum. com/node/6089 en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Separation_process