International Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Business - Coursework ExampleCommodization turns product markets from monopolistic markets to perfect completive markets (Peng, 2013). For instance, Aqua-fresh is very distinct from Colgate. Regardless, the market treats both brands as the same product and solely compare their prices before make a purchasing idea.c. VRIO is a frame used in evaluating the strategic choices made by a firm in its quest to grow. Arguably, VRIO framework is comprised of a series of questions that make up the main line of descent for the evaluation of the competitive position of a given firm or organization. These components are Value, Rarity, Imitability and Organization. The question for quantify evaluates a firms ability to exploit an opportunity and neutralize threats. The question for rarity assesses the residue of obtaining resources in the industry for instance raw material. How rare are the resources and capabilities and are they controlled by a a couple of(prenominal) players. The question for Imitability evaluates the ability of a firms products or resources to be imitated by other players in the industry. Finally, the question for Organization, evaluates the organization of power and command lines, resources and capabilities within a firm in order to bugger off value. This entails the culture as well as other features as well.d. One of the key arguments for off-shoring is the fact that it forms honourable as many jobs as it destroys. Arguably, off-shoring increases efficiency within an organization, increases productivity and reduces organizational costs allowing organizations to expand and create jobs that are more domestic as well (Peng, 2013). Another main argument for off-shoring is the fact that the off-shoring in the manufacturing industry has led to an increase in the wages of the employees who are opting to venture into more productive professions, and those diligent domestically can also increase their incomes as well from reduced costs. Ho wever, off-shoring has led to the increase in the unemployment rates in the

Integrated academic report-the innovation and change of BP(British Essay

Integrated academic report-the innovation and change of BP(British rock rock oil - Essay ExampleThe project presents the experience of the organisation through the process of innovation and change and benefits that it has been capable to gain through the process. The main area that the project tries to explore is the organisations present advance(a) position in the industry. This includes the changes that it has incorporated since the last five twelvemonths. It withal explores the companys future flock and strategies towards innovation and the components contained in the vision. The next part of the project aims to identify the various competencies and cultures that organisations must to enhance and hang on innovative in its operations. Following this, the project identifies the different avenues of learning existing in British Petroleum. Finally, the wide-cut process of change management has been explored which includes the role of change agents, the different barriers and en ablers and the internal and the external communications. Part 1 The organizations need for innovation The new age of 21st century also demands a fresh understanding of the nature of its society and its responsibilities. A shared responsibility should be taken by all the citizens of the world in order to have a sustainable development for its own future. readjustment efforts are going on and it must be expanded also, but these adaptation techniques are in truth costly and less effective with the growing magnitude of the climate change. The global climatic change has been recognize as the most intractable and most dangerous of all the environmental impacts of the energy. Another problem adding to it is the macroeconomic vulnerability which is arising due to the oil dependencies overall. Its high time to innovate new processes now to make out with the situation. On an average worldwide, 12 warmest years out of the last 150 years have occurred since 1990. The warmest 50 years were th e last 50 in 6000 years. Over the last few years it is also seen that sea ice shrinking, places like Greenland, Antarctic ice is melting. Wildfires, heat waves, storms and flood damages have also choke attachd in the last few years. On the other hand Oil dependencies are also rising for different countries. According to reports in 2005 United States was dependent for about 65.4 % of its total oil infallible on imports. This was the highest amount of oil dependence percentage in imports in US history. The cost incurred for this oil imports in 2005 was around $231 billion which accounts to 30% of the U.S net trade deficit on the same year (Holdren, 2006, p.7-10). One of the major motivations for innovation in British Petroleum is the need to retain or increase its profitability which will provide incentives for innovation to cut costs provide new go and olibanum in turn improve their market share. With the new innovation strategies there is better quality services and also gaini ng sureness with the shareholders. Over the last 10 years BP has radically changed its strategies in every aspects of the company. after the tragic events of 2010 there is a severe impact on the BP trust. In order to gain trust again from the people and gain market share BP is developing and then implementing comprehensive processes to strengthen much safety

Economics of the UAE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Economics of the UAE - Research Paper physical exercisey is comprised of seven formerly independent states, Abu Zaby, Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn which merged to form the clownish in 1971, and in 1972, was joined by the state of by Ras al Khaymah (Index Mundi par. 2).The UAE presently has an forecast population of 5,314,317, a large increase from its population on 1968 of 180,000 (Elhiraika & Hamed 2-3). Its economy is primarily based on the extraction of vast natural oil and gas militia indoors its inland and sea areas. It soon produces an estimated 2 million of barrels of oil daily. Being the third in worldwide oil reserves, the unsophisticated has proven oil reserves of 98.8 million barrels, or 10% of the worlds oil reserves in June 2000, with another 6 trillion cubic meters of proven gas reserves (Shihab 249-251).The UAE has a sum total land area of 83,600 square kilometers, with a coastline of 1,318 km and is bordered by Saudi Arabia on i ts west, Oman on its east, and the Persian Gulf to the North. As of 1982, its population is comprised of less than 20% natural UAE citizens, with the rest being Emirati, Arabia and Iranian, confederation Asians and other expatriates. Its official language and religion is Arabic and Islam. Literacy rate is 77.9% with a life expectancy of 76.71 years.The democracy has a federal form of government, with a Federal Supreme Council (FSC), composed of the seven emirate leaders, with its capital in Abu Dhabi. Its Executive Branch has a Chief of State, President, Vice President and Deputy Prime Ministers with a Council of Ministers nominate by the President. Its legislature is composed of a 40-seat unicameral Federal National Council (FNC) and a judicial branch, the conglutination Supreme Court, with the Judges appointed by the President (CIA par. 3-5).The UAE economy has undergone a significant change from an necessitous region to one with a high degree of standard of living since the d iscovery of oil within its borders in the 1950s (CIA Para 1). With a 5.4 million

Question answering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

enquiry answering - Essay ExampleIn other words, the car principal can non puff away with this subdue even though toilet is not capable of entering into binding contracts. However, Johns incapacity to enter into a binding contract is subject to four exceptions, which the car dealer can cite if they reserve enough prove. These include the follo bring forwardg i. Beneficial contracts such as troth ii. Contracts involving necessaries iii. Contracts involving comp whatever shares, land, marriage, and partnerships except if they are voidable iv. Contracts that are approved by a child afterward attaining the age of the majority. Among these exceptions, the dealer can only try to argue in line with the second one, though it will still be very hard to convince the court that the contract involved necessity goods. It is clear that John believed that a car is a necessity, which perhaps was due to the influence he got from Facebook and his friends. This position can hardly make the c ontract binding on the child, because the fairness considers them incapable of making effectual decisions on their own. Therefore, the court will argue that John could not be relied to decide, by himself, what is a necessity. On this ground, therefore, the car dealer is not likely to get any reprieve from the exceptions. Another provision of the law is that a contract involving a minor is voidable. This means that, prior to reaching the age of the majority a child has the freedom to withdraw any contract. Even though John does not have any justifiable reasons to cancel the contract, the car dealer will still lose the case because the law allows minors to do so on a whim if it is advantageous for them to do so (Hugh 256). The reason why the car dealer was cautious on entering into a contract with a child was because he feared the consequences if the child breached the contract. His instinct was correct, however, he did a mistake when he at last accepted to soft touch the contract even after the childs heighten declined to co-sign the loan. All in all, if the parent had agreed to co-sign the loan this could not have given him a complete reprieve. The best system was to ask the minor to let his parent sign the full loan on his behalf, since parents are not legally responsible on contracts entered by their children unless when they are acting as their agent.1 Therefore, John will win in his bid to get the contract invalidated by the court and recover the $500, down payment. Question two a contract with an contraband purpose Smuggling is an illegal activity and it is against the interest of the public, therefore, any suit regarding this case will face many hurdles as the court does not exempt participation in illegal activities. Smuggling is under a class of illegal contracts, which are unenforceable as they imposes no obligations and creates no rights on the parties who are involved. In an illegal contract, losses and gains remain where they have fallen be cause money and assets changing hands are not recoverable. The courts idea is that illegal contracts are undesirable in the eyes of the public and hence, they do not disserve assistance considering they do not contribute towards well-being of individuals in the society.2 Therefore, the court will refuse to help the mechanic enforce their contract with Jack and will also not give any

Advance taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

assert taskation - Essay ExampleX can as well as cast in government securities by evaluating the attempt of investment. If X plans to take more risk to earn higher reward, X can invest in shares. X also has the option to give the surplus fund to Xs quadruplet children. In this case X has to evaluate tax implications on the basis of inheritance tax. In the presumption situation, X wants to find out the tax implications of each of these alternatives and then(prenominal) choose the best option to invest. impose Implications for Set up of Business as Sole Trader It is the simplest of all business structures. Setting up a business as a restore trader can be very alarming because Xs liability would be unlimited. But at the same time rewards are also unlimited as X will have claims to the extent of profit earned by business. Moreover, X does not have to register with the Companies House and this means that X wont have to present the corporate tax which X had to pay had he set up an incorporated company. Another wages for a sole trading business is that if X is not maintaining a payroll, paper works for the employees then red tapes will be reduced greatly. But this business structure exposes X to greater risk for which X may need to cover up with insurance policy. Thus as a sole trader, X can keep all profit after paying taxes on them according to tax slab.

Commercial landlord and tenant law 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Commercial landlord and tenant law 2 - Essay ExampleIn the force where the landlord int completions to repossess the antecede for personal use for otherwise reasons, the act upon provides the processes the landlord should follow without incurring a indebtedness for breach of the lease centre (Bright, 2007. P. 186). The actual procedure for bringing tenancy to end depends on the price under which the take was formed. In addition, the process will be influenced by the manner in which twain parties have adhered to the terms of the contract as well as the application of right process for windup the tenancy in accordance to the Act. Unit 1 In the matter of unit 1, the lease contract was initiated on September of the year 2000, and the lease period was fifteen years. The contract was completed under full-of-the-moon Repairs and Insurance (FRI) lease in accordance to the landlord and tenant Act of 2000. However, during the lease period the tenant renovated the enter by constructi ng an extension and installing air conditioner at a value of ?125,000 in the year 2004. This resulted to an time lag of the rental value of premise to about ?14,500. In this situation, the occupier is entitled for compensation from the landlord for the cost he or she has incurred in adding value of the create (McQueen, 2010. P. 43). According to this Act, the tenant is entitled to receive compensation because of amend the status of the expression above the state it was in before the occupancy (Bright, 2007. P. 195). Since the tenant occupied the building in the year September 2000, the period of occupancy is below fourteen years. The tenant has left twenty months before the expiry of the lease period. The Act requires compensation at a value of rate-able value of the premise in the event of termination at the request of the landlord. In case the landlord succeeds in terminating the lease contract for unit 1, the occupier will have to be compensated on the ground that the landlo rd wants the building for other use rather than breach of pledge by the occupier (Linda, 2013. P. 17). The landlord has numerous means to explore in clearing unit 1 for another tenant. Firstly, the landlord can issue the tenant with a six months placard under partition 25 of the Act. In this notice, the landlord should indicate the reasons for refusal of a new tenancy taking into considerations the requirements of section 30 of the Act (Portman, & Marcia, 2012. p.79). In this situation either the landlord or the tenant will petition the move of law to justify the landlords application of rejecting new tenancy under section 30 of the Act. The case will have to be determined by the court and decide whether the occupier will plagiarize the premise to continue living in it (Jeffrey, 2003. P. 43). If the landlord succeeds in this application, the tenant will have to vacate the building upon the completion of the lease period that will expire in twenty months time from now. Another cream available for the landlord to clear unit 1 building for another client is through mutual agreement with the current occupier. This is the best option because it will not require tedious procedure, but instead the landlord whitethorn inquire from the client as to whether they will renew the contract or whether to bring the tenancy to an end (Bright, 2007. p. 256). This is referred to as mutual agreement since the two parties must consent on the action to be taken. The Act grants the tenants right of tenure that allows tenants to continue

Moving Charge Creates a Magnetic Field Lab Report

Moving Charge Creates a Magnetic Field - Lab Report ExampleA wire carrying current experiences a force in a charismatic field. The force experienced increases if the order of magnitude of the current and the strength of the magnet are increased. The direction of the force or thrust can be predicted using the motor rule (Flemings left-hand rule).The rate of change of magnetic flux is nonentity at the midpoint 1 and 3 because the magnetic flux at those points is at a tokenish and maximum respectively. The magnetic flux in the regions 2 and 4 is zero at the points and the physical discrimination between the two values is that one represent a decreasing magnetic flux charm the another(prenominal) represents an increasing field.For the test coil at the center of symmetry of the coil the angular oftenness of the signal was determined to be 377 rad/s, the area A of the coil was evaluated to be the prime of life to peak voltage was determined to be equal to 400mV from which the Maximu m EMF was 200mV. Using relevant equations provided in the manual, the magnetic field was established to be 0.992 Tesla.The maximum magnetic intensity for a TEST COIL is non the same for a large coil because the magnetic field from both coils interact with each other making their actual valued slightly different. The results for electromagnetic induction test on different coils is correspond in the table

Childhood Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Childhood Obesity - Essay ExampleI am mentoring my kid to dramatise a healthy lifestyle as her parents do to avoid weight gain (Overweight and Obesity 2010). any(prenominal) of the other causes for obesity among children are attributed to complex interactions between several surroundingsal, social and policy context that meeting eating habits and physical activity. In the past decades, these factors have collectively contributed to create an adverse environment that is against the environment to maintain health and weight.The unhealthy environment has evolved as a result of suburban and urban designs that do not encourage physical activities and travel. Pressure on families to reduce the cost of food and preparation season has resulted in frequent consumption of readymade food rich in fat and calories.Obesity has become a menace to the society due to less(prenominal) affordability and access to vegetables, fruits and nutritious food for some communities. There is less opportunit y for physical activity after school and at school since students opt to reduce walking by using bikes from and to school. Children prefer to follow a sedentary lifestyle by spending date before the screen without spending leisure time outdoors.Psychosocial problems Young people are likely to induce issues like self-blame, foster shame and have low self esteem that impairs social and academic functioning. These problems forget be carried by the child to adolescence and adulthood. Approximately, sixty percent of overweight children are in the age phoebe bird to ten with a minimum of one cardiovascular endangerment like insulin, hyper cholesterol, blood pressure or triglycerides. Around 25 percent children have two or more of these risks factors.For a child born(p) in the US, the lifetime risk of having type 2 diabetes is 40 percent for girls and 30 percent for boys and the risk is higher for children in specific ethnic minority

Strategic HRD and HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

strategical HRD and HRM - Essay Example individually cupboard is a complex ensemble of fume extraction units, plumbing, and electrical systems to be designed and fitted. Each cupboard is unique and requires flexibility and an attention to detail within the manufacturing cultivate to suit clients customization needs. The company delivers bespoke fume-cupboards to customers gate but does not get gnarled in its installation. The Company consists of 220 personnel, 175 of them tempt on manufacturing go-the means process. Balance of 45 personnel work in the sales department, design department and the support portion. Support functions include payroll, accounts, HRM, and administration. HRD problem as identify in company structure appears to be the fact that HRM function is small and inadequately staffed within the company. get ahead evidence in the case reveals that this function is not able to achieve its objectives to a very full-size extent. Similarly, sales and design departm ents appear to be under Staffed.The Company has core operations in the manufacturing process in which 80% of employees are deployed. It comprises of several functional sections like the sheet metal cutting and plication for the cupboards, protective coating application, initial assembly, plumbing, and electrical sections. The first HRD/Organizational problem identified in core operations appears to be a loose span of supervisory control over laborers. Assuming 4 supervisors per functional section, we have about 20 supervisors in 5 sections and 155 laborers under such supervisors. Each supervisor on an average has about 8 laborers under him. The second problem relates to very racy labor turnover on manufacturing shop floor. This disturbs the supervisor span of control further which is already proud at 8 laborers and possibly obstructs the product customization process leading to defectives and quality deficiencies. Moreover, quality control function at the company is very weak too .

Strategic Management Accounting for Shareholder Value Maximisation Essay

Strategic Management Accounting for Shareholder Value Maximisation - Essay ExampleThis piece presents an insightful study on the concept of shareholder rank maximisation and the efforts that are undertaken by centering to achieve it. It demonstrates that in an effort to enhance shareholder value the management generally puts behind the magnificence of serving the interest of other stakeholders like employees, customers, suppliers and society that share a long-term association with the company. However, rampart of interests of these stakeholders is important to ensure the maximisation of shareholder value. This report, therefore, concludes that in order to accomplish the objective of shareholder value maximisation in an effective manner, the management should also strive to dole out the interests of other stakeholders. Shareholders are the adjust owners of a company and maintain ultimate residual claims on its financial assets. Management is responsible to serve the interests of shareholders and engage the efforts of the whole organisation towards the enhancement of value for shareholders as well as the other stakeholders that have their interest in the corporation.

The Hotel Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Hotel Industry - Assignment ExamplePeople visit hotels for different purposes. The patience offers their customers various of operate. The customers regard lodging facilities where they can spend their nights and means of transport to move them from one place to another. Restaurants provide foods and drinks during the stay. The hotel industry offers cruise line services, especially for hotels that ar located along the coast. Sometimes, customers may contract a selected hotel to make out planning of special events such as anniversaries, weddings, and special days celebrations with proper entertainment services (Puri & Chand, 2009). Products provided by the hotel industry include all types food, soft drinks, and hard drinks.Customers for the hotel industry include people of all ages and races (Barrows & Powers, 2009). Demanders for hotel services and products consist of students, children, middle-aged citizens and the aged. People of all walks usually attend ceremonies such as weddings, conferences and other ex officio functions because they shake roles to perform in each of them. Wedding customers demand services of event planners, and these are for the most part found in the hotel industry. Business travelers travel on expense account and seek secure hotels that are close to the places of their business rendezvous (Lockyer, 2007). Another group of hotel customers are leisure travelers these also look for hotels that have leisure activities such as gymnasiums, swimming pools, playgrounds and racing equipment. The hotel industry is dispersed among many companies, each commanding a small market (Brody, 2009). The market structure for the hotel industry is perfect competition. In a short competitive market, there are several buyers and sellers of a particular product hence, customers have a strain of choices (Khan, 2007). This breaks the market into small portions and each company controls its own market portion. There are several companies in the ho tel industry. These include Lords of the Manor, The Feathers Hotel Woodstock, Talbot Hotel, The Trout at Tadpole Bridge, Holbeck Ghyll County House Hotel, and Assured Hotels.

Qatar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Qatar - Essay ExampleQatar is a little peninsula that is on the western shore of the Arabian Gulf and it covers approximately 4,247 squ be miles (6,286 square kilometers). Qatar is just 160 kilometers north into the Iranian Gulf from Saudi Arabia. It is located mingled with latitudes 24 and 27 N, and longitudes 50 and 52 E. Qatar mostly incorporate of low and barren plain that is covered with sand. To the southeast lies the Khor al Adaid (Inland Sea), which is a component of rolling sand dunes surrounding Persian Gulfs inlet? The landmass creates a rectangle that is exposit by the local folklore as resembling right hands palm that is extended in a prayer. The neighboring nations include Iran to the northeast. Bahrain to the northwest, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates to the south. Both Qatar and Bahrain claim the Hawar Islands located west of Qatar and it is uninhabited. Just recently, lonesome(prenominal) few semi-permanent seasonal encampments have been found in the interior desert. Resources of water that are near the playground slide together with opportunities for pearl diving, fishing, and seagoing trade have facilitated larger, and additional permanent settlements. The patterns of these settlements have contributed to the social balances between Hadar and Bedouin.Qatars temper can be described as subtropical dry, hot desert climate that has low annual rainfall. During the summer the temperatures are extremely high and there is a big difference between maximum and minimum temperatures, more so in the inland areas. The Persian Gulf slightly influences the coastal areas and have lower maximum, however, it has higher minimum temperatures and the moisture percentage in the air are higher. Summer June September is extremely hot with low rainfall. Daily maximum temperatures are able to tardily reach 40C or more. Winter is cooler with irregular rainfall.

MGMT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT - Essay ExampleAlso, maintaining business strategies and goals with daily employee caper and duties helps the work environment to function in a healthy and effective manner. Clear goals and expectations being communicated effectively to all levels of employees is also an integral PM practice to regulate performance management, and professionalism. Constant feedback is the best mechanism to enhance employee skills and develop their standards according to company goals. Also, with regular communication regarding individuals and teams, an excellent practice is to frequently rejoin good performances. This helps to instill company values, motivate employees to do even better, and enforce the importance of standards and teamwork. Career advantage is based on a few valuable key elements. Having goals and objectives helps employees and managers alike to focus on standards and collectively meet the companys aims and aspirations. Embracing improvement and learning is also important in component a team to grow and effectively work together. Being supportive, effectively communicating ideas, and having key close making skills helps to improve performance and develop set career goals. Having leadership qualities and responsibly completing anticipate duties and tasks helps to maintain positive feedback, receive recognition, and achieve career success.

How have African-Americans worked to end segregation, discrimination, Research Paper

How have African-Americans worked to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation to attain equivalence and courteous rights - Research Paper Examplelace for ever since the spirited struggle against such(prenominal) a corrupt social regime would come to an end and several decades later today, one of the African American descendants is president. How this became a successful story is through a tough battle which could only be won with special dedication and commitment. Strategies to end segregation in America began specific with steps such as on bewitch system, job opportunities, protestations and violent reiteration, repatriation and lobbying for legislation to allow equality.One of the most steady channels where segregation became rooted in the USA was through the use of public amenities, particularly the tape drive system. Segregation was manifested in several forms where initially, African Americans would not share a bus with the clean. Train transport could not allow mixi ng of these two races and separate cars were provided, with the conditions of transport exposing the African American community to agony and humiliation beyond explanation. Several other public amenities systems had similar discrimination policy which by design isolated and banished the African American people from a pleasant public life. For instance, hotels, schools and theatres would not permit chuck up the sponge mixing of these races. Later on, where the two mixed, the African Americans were reserved for the back sits to make them feel inferior to the White people. This backdrop implies that the African American had no human and civil rights when compared to other Americans. This had to be stopped by the African American community assisted by humane Whites who sympathized with their plight during the regime. A spirited date was launched beginning with the sensitization and mobilization of the African American community to rally their support for the plight of their civil an d human rights. Angry scenes of resistance from the regimes mechanisms such as judiciary are on record, with courts giving ridiculous rulings and retrogressive laws being passed

Nurse Roles & Functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nurse Roles & Functions - Essay ExampleAlternatively, nurses also play subservient roles in CQI by ensuring that they follow the prescribed rules and systems set by the healthcare organization. Nurses must also cleanse their service provision approaches to avoid errors experienced in the workplace.The various types of organizational hazards encountered while working at a local hospital entail injuries, accidents, inadequate equipment and congestion (Vincent, 2010). The checkive strategies that should be implemented to prevent workplace-related injuries include the provision of safety gears like gloves, cleaning the wards and the procurement of more equipment. The safety issues in health care, such as bar of blood borne illnesses is to ensure that nurses use gloves when attending to patients (Vincent, 2010). The prevention of needle deposit equipment is by disposing all the used syringes at the correct dump bins where children and other people cannot access them. The prevention o f back injury can be handled by avoiding carrying of heavy items or placing medical equipment at places where others cannot draw in to reach them (Vincent,

Answers to Prompt Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answers to Prompt Questions - show ExampleHowever, the idea of Plato that knowledge is inclined more on the non-sensible Forms contradicts his own metaphysical claim that Forms would cypher upon the interpretation of the philosophers works. According to Irwin (154), Platos epistemological claim states that these Forms be inaccessible to the senses. While Plato evince that his metaphysical claim is the Form of F has properties that no sensible F can invite. However, according to Silverman, epistemology is nearly the acquisition of knowledge and what knowledge is (Silverman). On the otherwise hand, metaphysics is anything which can be thought and give tongue to to be. unity cannot fully endorse Platos theory of Forms as there argon difference in interpretations and opinions of the said work. Not all knowledge is being considered as knowledge by the philosopher. It is only those people who have philosophical thoughts or the non-sensible ideas which are being considered as know ledgeable. This proposition does not apply to those who are exerting more on their physical capabilities. Acquiring skills can still be considered as knowledgeable by other people or group of thinkers, but not Plato. The idea quite discriminate skill workers which are very much part of the society especially with regards to the economic and workforce aspect. Though what the skilled are doing is sensible, their actions are still knowledge because they are thinking what to do next on a arrogant manner. In this aspect, the famous line I think, therefore I am by Rene Descartes can take after into context (Irwin, 148-55 Silverman Russell, 516). Plato makes people seem that knowledge is unachievable which is contradicted by Descartes. According to the latter, there is no consummate knowledge. If the idea proposed by Descartes would be considered, one can be considered knowledgeable without the need to measure up to forms or criterions. Descartes may not have proven to everyone the hum ans of God however, he had proclaimed its being in his works. The author stated that the knowledge which a person acquires is from a supreme being, which is God. This is supported by the statement But after I have discovered that God exists, seeing I overly at the same time observed that all things depend on him, that he is no deceiver, and indeed inferred that all which I cookly and distinctly perceive is of necessity true although I no lifelong attend to the grounds of a judgment, no opposite reason can be alleged qualified to lead me to doubt of its truth, provided only I remember that I once possessed a clear and distinct comprehension of it. (Descartes & Veitch, 109) There might be no concrete evidence to prove the existence of God. Nevertheless, knowing within the self that a supreme being exists is enough to convince the self and prophesy about its existence or truthfulness to others. Though there is neither a concrete detail nor a distinct indication of Gods existenc e, Descartes proposed his readers to meditate and reach within the self to be freed from the doubt that is covering them from recognizing the presence of a higher power. In most if not all of the publications attributed to Descartes, there is always an indication towards the existence and acknowledgement to the things created and attributed to the power and creation of God as the overbearing Being and higher power (Russell, 515-20 Descartes & Veitch, 103-10). There will always be people who would be sceptic upon the idea of God

Victims’ Rights and Vengeance Essay Example for Free

Victims Rights and Vengeance EssayI debate that current commonwealth of victims right in America is better than it has been in the past xxx years. Thirty years ago, victims had few legal rights to be informed, present and heard within the criminal arbitrator system. Victims did non have to be notified of court transactions or of the arrest or release of the defendant, they had no right to attend the trial or other proceedings, and they had no right to make a recital to the court at sentencing or at other hearings. Moreover, victim assistance programs were virtually non-existent. Today, every state has an extensive body of basic rights and protections for victims of crime within its statutory code. Victims rights statutes have significantly influenced the manner in which victims are treated within the federal, state, and local criminal justice systems.2004 Crime Victims Rights ActI believe that the 2004 Crimes Victims Rights Act has been effective to some extent. The CRVA helps victims assert and encourage enforcement of victims rights. It promotes compliance with victims rights laws. Funds grant programs and other activities to employ provisions. Provides an enforcement mechanism for rights delineated in the Act. The CRVA may legitimately consider to go too far and pull in victims undue rights at the expense of a fair trial. For instance, it allows them to be heard at any proceedings related to the offence, regardless as to whether or not their input is relevant or appropriate. It is based on a very naive view of crime and criminal procedure it assumes that all victims are clear people attacked by dangerous criminals. However, a lot of crime victims dont fitthat category- many crimes have no clear victim, some victims are large corporations, and in a very large percentage of cases, the victims are criminals themselves. This amendment isnt necessarily appropriate for all cases and shouldnt be so. VengeancePersonally I do believe that avenging do es fix anything. penalty should be a form of vengeance but a form of deterrence, detainment, and rehabilitation of the offender so that he or she will not cause any more(prenominal) terms to others. Vengeance does not bring the people that have been lost back. Fixing the issues can prevent more casualties from happening. The American tough on crime stance taken by elected officials from across the political spectrum has not halted the resurgence of crime in the last few years, nor has it helped prevent ex-inmates from once again oddment up behind bars. The criminal justice system needs to spend more money in the parole, probation, and rehabilitation structure because clearly punishment alone isnt working. Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests (SNAP)I agree with the actions of Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests because it is an organization that specializes in helping women and men wounded by religious authority figures such as priests, ministers, bishops, deaco ns, nuns and others. Before SNAP many sexual abused cases were not reported or taken to court. The SNAP organization helps the victims of a sexual abuse crime by a religious authority get the information, support, and psychological help that they need. Its claims have been validated, and a few though hardly all of its recommendations have been implemented by the church hierarchy. SNAPs advocacy on the Catholic scandal also helped push the reality of sexual abuse into the public consciousness to the prove that victims can regularly win in courts and get a hearing in the media, and they are a good deal more likely to come forward to tell their stories, whether they were abused by clergy or by athletic coaches or Boy Scout leaders.ReferencesCrime Victims Rights Acthttp//www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/vr/crime_victims.html Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests http//www.snapnetwork.org/resources Crime Victims Rights http//www.ovc.gov/rights/legislation.html Crime, Punishment and V engeance in the Age of Mass Imprisonment http//www.alternet.org/story/50464/crime,_punishment_and_vengeance_in_the_age_of_mass_imprisonment

Cultural Influence on Human Development Essay Example for Free

Cultural Influence on Human Develop custodyt leavenIt is important to understand why cultivation affects and is an integral part of human victimisation and should not be overlooked. Demographic experts predict that the human population leave alone fall upon 9 billion by 2050, and the rise will not occur equally around the world. The existing demographic divide among the wealthy authentic countries and the poor developing countries will only widen because majority of the increase will occur among the developing countries whilst that of the former will actually decline progressively. As it is, the combined population of developed countries only make up 18% of the total world population, and 9 of 10 individuals living present are in the top 20% of the global income distribution. In contrast, about 40% of the worlds population lives on less than two dollars per day (Arnett, 2012). Variations in human development occur because of differences in cultural settings, which in tu rn are significantly impacted by socioeconomic status (SES) of a group. Educational level, income level, and occupational status are all parameters within the SES. It pervades all aspects of human development, from risk of baby mortality to quality of education and job prospects to affording healthcare in old age. It is no surprise that differences in SES are sharp between developed and developing countries.Like SES, gender and ethnicity are strong drivers of culture and are key factors in development. The dichotomy is blurred now, but throughout our history cultural expectations of men and women experience been vastly different. The Hunter-gatherer way of live evolved because our Homo ancestors needed to adapt to the long infant settlement to the mother, who remained in a stable home base caring for the offspring and gathering edibles within reach while the males ventured out to hunt for food. An extreme example of women assuming a secondary role occurred in Imperial China (10th or 11th century) where young women of the wealthy elite who did not need them to run were subjected to painful foot binding to prevent further growth. This was a display of status and became the symbol of sweetie in Chinese culture. So deep-seated is the gender difference in Antiquity that it manifested in the antediluvian conceptions of human development that the three ancient religions Dharmashastras (Hindu), Greek (conceived by the philosopher Solon), and the holy Talmud (Jewish) were all written by and for men only. Women were excluded from areas such as religious leadership and philosophy. Religion,along with race and language, is a component of ethnicity. young scientific conceptions of human development also hinge on the influence of the social environment. Urie Bronfenbrenners ecological theory (Bronfenbrenner, 2005) draws attention to the broader cultural environment beyond the mother-child relationship that people experience as they develop. He distinguishes an exosy stem of social institutions school, religion, and media that have indirect but pivotal influences on development. His more encompassing macrosystem of cultural beliefs and set form the foundation of economic and governmental systems. Middle Eastern countries possess governments and economic systems that are found on Islam. Conversely, developed countries believe in the value of individual freedom and this is reflected in their capitalist scrimping and democratic government.No matter how we look at it, every aspect of human development be it biological, psychological or social, is invariably intertwined with culture. Moreover, a study on human development that focuses on the 18% of the worlds population living in developed countries that can fund major look for undertaking is both inadequate and unfair. Poor developing countries have rich and complex cultural systems that have legitimate impact on human development. Therefore it is vital that we learn about human development as it is experienced around the world.

Black People and South Africa Essay Example for Free

sear People and southwestern Africa riseThe delineation invictus portrays a very controversial issue that has been presented d nonpareilout fib in many ethnic groups and is take inn in societies up to these days. The apartheid is clearly pictured in the movie through many of the attitudes and actions that people take towards the otherwise race they live in their day by day. What is more, Mandela constitutes one of the intimately important figures in South Africa, especially for the black race as he ? change state them?from the apartheid. From those days Mandela has been recognized worldwide as a major symbol of the rainbow nation a candor of distinction between the black and the white people and its establishing differe nces. In the movie, it is highly represented the context in which two different races coexist, and how such a popular sport as rugby can genuinely create a causalityful bond between two races, stimulating a feeling of experience and unity for the pop ulation .For instance, one of the most significant examples seen in the movie is that about the rejection towards Nelson Mandela as a color person when he was first elected as president of the re universal of South Africa. The supply of the presidential house, for example started to resign at the very moment it was officially proclaimed that the new president, who had been 27 years in prison for the conflict of the segregation, was a color person.Besides all the differences the two races had in the 1990? s, such as economic standards, prohibition in public places, and extremely opposite ideologies , the Spring Boks which were the most popular rugby team, reached the goal to give an end to the Apartheid. This does not only concern the social, as considerably as political, and ec onomical issues, but rugby alike serves as an emotional trigger to what represents the unity, compassion and sets superfluous the passion to reinforce a democracy.As the Spring Boks managed to win the Wo rld Cup, which was firstly asked by the president, the country started to be a better one, a country which had day by day slight and less differences between the two races that were facing each other for more than 10 years. The feeling of rejection towards being in the same room with a comment person was vanished, the passion that both ? nations?had achieved for the South African rugby team was found in each of the African member, and what is more, the strength that the country accomplished by the power that Mandela had towards his family, the South African population. The equality that had been formed between the different races was totally represented in the movie in all the aspects of the population, from the economic Maria Eugenia Traibel Senior III West Social Studies Invictus Es record position, to the social, political and ideological one.This can be demonstrated with many situations that were demonstrated in the movie Invictus. On the one hand, I could express the changes in the social aspects with a punctual situation that besides it was shown in the movie, it was a situation tha t was lived in South Africa every day, this one is associated with the prohibition of access of public places such as bathrooms, rugby and football fields, and the feeling of being in the same room with a person of a different race.The social rejection that the population felt towards the black people, and the feeling of revenge that the colour people felt towards the white ones, was such that they couldn? t speak to each other. From the ideological aspect, I could say that it was one of the aspects that were mostly shown especially through the rugby. The black people couldn? t stand or see the symbol of the spring Boks, as it represented to them the segregation, the apartheid, even the children who were given clothes as a show because they couldn? t have them, they didn?t accept the Spring Boks t-shirts, it made them feel revenge and fear.But as Nelson fought for having a rainbow nation through the rugby, colour people started to change their minds and support their country as they didn? t do before. They lea rned to play the sport they waved the Spring Boks flag and the South African one and also shared the passion for the game with all the African population. The distrust that the white people had towards Nelson Mandela made a twist when he went directly to the important symbol of them, the rugby.All he learned about the other culture was while he spent time in prison, the strategies that he used to make a better country all came to him with the time, and with the 27 years that he had to think while he was merely in his cell. All in all, the movie Invictus is a great demonstration of the history of apartheid that the Republic of South Africa suffered, and also how the powerful symbol of it, Nelson Mandela, fought to reach the end of it, and to reinforce the country, so they could have a rainbow nation, a nation with equality in their lives.

Cougar or Coyote Essay Example for Free

panther or Coyote EssayThe rig is an important archetype in any religion or myth because it provides an outlet for all of the chaotic and destructive emotions and tendencies of a people that ar controlled by a larger social construct. It is through a cheat figure that people of a religion or society are able to explore the more(prenominal) untamed side of their nature while additionally presenting them with the consequences of those desires. The trickster is a figure that at once both mocks social morals and at the resembling time also reinforces those morals by showing the pandemonium and trouble that arises if the people do non follow the rules that are in place. The trickster also gives the people of a religion to express ideas and desires that efficacy not ordinarily be satisfying in their society. In this way the trickster plays a rattling important and cathartic role in a religion or myth. genus genus Penelope, from Homers The Odyssey, is a woman of coat and spi rit. Ellen Shull declares in her essay Valuing Multiple Critical Approaches Penelope, Again and Again that Penelope is the paragon of resilient cleaning lady (32). However, a trickster paragon, like Monkey from Wu Cheng-ens novel Monkey, and a mortal woman like Penelope appear to have nothing in common.Their roles are so different and their apparent purposes are yet more so. On the surface it may seem as though Penelope from The Odyssey shares very comminuted resemblance with a trickster god. However, when one takes a closer look the similarities become more obvious. Penelope is at once a powerful figure that adheres to the social norms of her patriarchal society while til now rebelliously challenging the acknowledged rules of how a woman should behave. This can be seen as how a trickster like Monkey is used in myth to subvert a societys have got beliefs.Penelope is the other side of the coin of what it means to be a trickster. She is the fe priapic version as it were. Penelop e may not be male, amoral, fleshly, or supernatural but she is cunning, childish, inventive, and she also a subverter figure within her patriarchal society. The most obvious source of incompatibility of Penelope being a trickster is that she is female while the trickster is usually a male like Monkey. Now, unless Penelope was nonetheless more deceitful than anyone had ever imagined so it is safe to say that she is not a trickster god based on that one quality alone.Leeming states that the trickster is always male (163). Obviously, Penelope is not male which means that she is, according to Leeming, not a trickster god, no exceptions. But if Leeming were to make an exception then Penelope would be one. Penelope is a woman who must work against all the restrictions and suffocating spring that her society uses to leash women in order to trick the people surrounding her and she does. She deceives the suitors and even her get economize (Mueller, 337). Penelope even has long pull thr oughing deceptions that fool people for years.The sexual organs Penelope was born(p) with seem to be of little importance when compared to the massive opposing powers and influences that she if forced to undermine and battle against. The following(a) point of disparity between Penelope and a trickster figure like Monkey is that the trickster is seen as a philandering, unprincipled, hooligan. The trickster is considered to be an ethi vociferationy neutral figure with a propensity for get into humorous predicaments. Leeming calls the trickster amoraloutrageous and is untamed by the larger social conscience).Monkey is a consummate example of this side of a trickster. Monkey is not exactly immoral he just has his own sense of what the right thing to do is and he is everywherewhelmingly selfish. Every action and quest he takes at the beginning of his story is motivated by his desire to be immortal and to gain power. notwithstanding when Monkey protects his other monkey subjects he does so because he wants to maintain his kingship more than out of a fear for their safety and wellbeing. One could even posit that the monkeys would be better off without him because he brings the animosity of heaven down upon them.Monkey has all these qualities that Leeming states a trickster is comprised of. Penelope, on the other hand, is none of these things. In fact, she is usually remembered for her faithfulness to her husband even though he was gone for twenty years. Penelope waits in Ithaca for Odysseus. She looks after his home, his son and his estate. She weeps lonely tears but nothing induces her to betray her husband and to neglect her duties, not even under pressure from the suitors does she contemplate infidelity (Smit, 393-394).Her unwavering loyalty to her husband and her devotion to the gods are not the sort of characteristics seen in the trickster who typically represents lower or baser instincts and functions. Penelope is a stylish lady but again she also has t hat side to her that rebels at the rules of her culture. Some might even call her a vain tease for keeping her suitors around for so long while never select one or giving in to their masculine power. Penelope, also, does not fit in the trickster course because she is only human while a trickster is usually an animal.Leeming states that a trickster takes animal social class (163). Monkey obviously fits into this category. Not only is he a monkey but he has inexplicable origins. He was born from a stone. In fact Monkeys animal form is a point of ire for him because he in Monkey he tries become more and more human-like. He starts wearing clothes and stands upright in an attempt to appear more human. This fight between animal and human characteristics is vital in a trickster figure because that animal quality is in bankrupt what allows them to get away with their mischief. Penelope is no dog. Or any animal for that matter.She is in fact a very desirable woman with scores of suitors fighting for her hand in marriage. This does not help her in the trickster category but it does, however, show how her beauty and desirability are in part what allow her to get away with her schemes. Her beauty can even be seen as her animal side because it fundamentally serves the same function that the animal form serves the trickster. An animal form, or in the case of Penelope, her beauty, is a parable of who they are and it allows them to be more completely that character and it allows them to do things that would not ordinarily be acceptable within that society.Penelopes beauty is what allows her to subvert her patriarchal culture because her beauty gives her power over her suitors. She is a woman but she uses that to her advantage. It could also been seen that being a woman in the time of The Odyssey was homogeneous to being an animal because it was such a male dominant culture where woman were little more than chattel or bargaining pieces. Maybe Penelope has more trickster qualities than are first apparent. The last way that Penelope does not fit into the trickster category is that she has no supernatural powers. Leeming ().She has no charming powers which show even further how she is not like a trickster. The trickster is almost always a supernatural figure. This category obviously denotes that a trickster has otherworldly abilities with which to influence solvents. Penelope works solo in the realm of her intelligence to bring about the results and tricks that she has concocted. This can make Penelope seem as being more skilled than a god who needs magic to bring about the outcome that he so desires. When compared to Penelope supernatural powers might be viewed as cheating.

Short Reflection on the Problem of Evil Essay Example for Free

Short Reflection on the Problem of Evil EssayThe skepticism of diabolic is a common hot button topic among atheists and non-Christians who attempt to disprove Christianity. They argue that an almighty and omniscient divinity can non exist in a human beings with so much disgust. The argument is employ by them to try to prove that Christianity is internally self-contradictory and thereby to be rejected. Many claim that a benevolent and caring idol would certainly not create evil or allow it to blast in the world that He created. So, the problem of evil is how to explain that there can be a perfect, all-powerful, and all-loving God that exists in a world with so much chaste and natural evil. First, natural and moral evil need to be distinguished from one an separate. Natural evil is defined as evil which occurs in the process of the functioning of the natural order. People are not responsible for these happenings they are evidently the victims and no one is to blame. The d evastation that resulted from Hurricane Sandy is a perfect example of such evil, along with other problems such as cancer and earthquakes. Moral evil, on the other hand, is defined as evil produced by activities of moral agents. This evil stems from intentional action, such as murder, stealing, and adultery. Natural evil is part of the consequences of moral evil that resulted from the fall of man in the Garden of Eden.The vast amount of evil that exists in the world is not because God created it, but because man allowed it. Man was not was not created by God with a reinforced in evil nature he was created with a free will that was exercised to purposefully criminality. God gave tenner a choice whether to do right or wrong and he failed. The moment ten chose to sin in the Garden of Eden the rest of the human race would be born in sin, too. God did not force this choice on Adam but allowed him to have complete free will. God is wholly benevolent and did not create evil man brought it into the world by his sinful actions.Adams wrongdoing also brought condemnation the perfect world God created. Natural evils like illness and natural disasters are a direct result from the moral evil that man commits. Just as this God-given free will brought sin into the world, though, it gives us the chance to show our true love for God. He did not leaves us hopeless and abandoned when sin entered the world He offers us a way of contend through His son Jesus Christ. There will always be evil in this world until Christ returns in glory one day. The evil that exists, both moral and natural, are not created by God but are a direct result of man abusing his free will and choosing wrongly.BibliographyGerstner, J. H.. Evil. evangelical Dictionary of Theology. E. Walter A Elwell. Grand Rapids Baker Academic, 2001. 384-385. Print.

The Sense in Organisational Learning, Knowing and Sense making Essay Example for Free

The sentiency impression in Organisational Learning, wise to(p) and Sense making EssayExperience in Learning Learning is the acquisition of companionship, ideas, concepts, be and any other kind of element that kitty be acquired. Learning is the retention of association. It is also a skill such as using official documents, creating crafts or plainly driving a car. Learning involves pr achievementice. Practice is a way of retaining go overing. But most of all, learning is a pitch in behaviour. As far as I could remember, I learned to walk, speak and do many types of activities in the house by the acquisition of these knowledge and experiences. Either I would learn by following and mimicking gestures that the elder people would show me or I would engage into the experience of the concept. For example, I learned not to run fast d give birth the stairs because one time that I did, I take flight three flights and bumped my head. I learned how to remember the names of many relatives by repeatedly seeing them in family gatherings. Conversing with these people required me to utter their names and so that helped me remember their names and how I was link up to them. As I layed impressal learning, other official documents where available for me to increase knowledge and experience. Reading books was a way to learn how to know things. Before operating machines such as household appliances or laboratory machines, it is imperative to acquire instruction manuals so that I could transform myself into soulfulness who did not know how to operate the machine into someone who k parvenue how. And therefore there was a definite change in behaviour because of this. Learning things on your own is different when learning inside an memorial tablet.Experience in Participating in an shaping there are cardinal general kinds of thespians in an disposal or in a group endeavour. One can either be an active or a passive participant. Active confederacy involves d oing different roles at different times depending on the need of the organisation. In group discussions for example, one can be an initiator, regulator, informer, service or an evaluator. All these roles must be launch in the whole group embodied by its participants in order for the group to develop and evolve its visions. Another insight I gathered from participating in organizations is that one can learn fully if one keeps an open mind and heart. Each participant has his unique mortal moulded from a definitive history. Each person has his own ideas and learning style. If participants do not cooperate in the organizations, it go out be harder to achieve objectives. Sometimes, participating in an organization requires one to via media some comfort zones. There will be moments when a co-participants idea does not match your own. Sometimes, this will be cause of conflict. However, after the exchange and debate on the idea, conflict is soon resolved. Even at times when breakdown of the organization occurs, this will also signify that the conflict was resolved. I cannot be one-half part of an organization. Participation in an organization must be whole for it to be worthwhile. Being a part of an organization means adhering to its vision, mission and goals. If a person cannot embrace the organizations objectives, wherefore his participation will be futile. From what I observed, when organizations have members that are half dealrs of the organizations goals, their participation in the organization are half done as well. Their motivations to act on the organizations needs are also superficial and the tendency to protect ones self sake over the groups interest is stronger.Four Learning Theories Learning whether it involves an individual or a group is possible. Four theories of learning guide many teachers, managers and leaders into helping their constituents acquire knowledge and experience. The behaviourists, cognitive, do-gooder and situational orientation of learning are four theories that have been developed in the field of learning. The Behaviourist hypothesis developed by practitioners of psychology believes that a person learns according to how the environment gives it instructions. Experimental procedures have been use to study behaviour in this discourse. The Cognitive orientation does not believe so. Scholars of the cognitive theory believe that the individual learns due to its mental abilities. The process of knowing or cognition was the one leading the act of learning therefore learning relied more on an individuals thinking capacity. The Humanist betterment followed a certain process of growth patterned from human growth. Learning for these theorists involves a persons evolution of needs that Maslow and Rogers have defined. The Situational orientation in learning relies on the involvement of a person to different community events and practices. Through individuals participation to these frameworks, learning is experienc ed and thereby achieved.The Organizations capability of learning, sensing and knowing The individuals that constitute the organization bring all their learning abilities into the organization thereby helping the organization achieve goals. When organizations are able to achieve their goals, learning, champion making and knowledge achieved is not only claimed by each participant in the organization but the organization as a single entity as well. organizational knowing creates three kinds of knowledge. Tacit knowledge is found the experience and expertise of participants. Explicit knowledge is visualized as rules and routines that participants undergo. Cultural knowledge can be found in the organizations assumptions, beliefs and values. The corporate culture idiom has been coined due to the effort to package cultural knowledge of the organization so that it can be taught to employees.New knowledge is achieved by sharing and compound these three types of knowledge. With wise know ledge, the organization has the capacity to act on decisions that help the organization transform their potentials. Although new alternatives are achieved, new uncertainties are also acquired but essential to the organizations ability to form new knowledge is the capacity of the organization to evolve facing challenges of its industry and ever changing environment.The key argument is that any organization is the way it runs through the processes of organizing This means that we must define organization in terms of organizing. Organizing consists of the resolving of equivocality in an enacted environment by means of interlocked behaviors embedded in conditionally related processes. To summarize these components in a less terse manner, organizing is directed toward information processing in general, and more than specifically, toward removing equivocality from informational inputs. (Weick 197990-91) Besides knowledge making, the organization also goes through the process of mind ma king. If decision making leads to decisions, sense making leads to the sense of the organizations existence of its decisions thereby breaking all kinds of elements that leads to ambiguity and confusion in the organizations processes. Sense making is essentially answering Weicks question, How can I know what I think until I see what I say?.In dealing with organizational issues, sense making requires us to appear for explanations and answers in terms of how people see things rather than rather than structures or systems. Sense making suggests that organizational issues strategies, breakdowns, change, goals, plans, tasks, teams, and so on are not things that one can find out in the homo or that exist in the organization. Rather, their source is peoples way of thinking. (Universiteit Twente, 2004) Sense making is a better tool in arriving at information for use in the workplace. Studies have proved that sense making has been no-hit in understanding deaf culture, in reflective think ing in the nursing practice, has been experienced in media education in classrooms with students, and proven beneficial for hard discourses such as sexism, racism and the like. While Weick evince sense making in the retroactive context, Gioia and Mehra deemed the importance of prospective sense making as well. These two approaches further cement the invaluability of sense making in organizations. Each time that participants work towards a everyday goal, they are compelled to gather past knowledge, experience and facts, make sense out of it collaboratively to learn a new tool that will help the organization achieve their prospects that they envision in the future. Conceptualization of the future in organizations therefore is facilitated by sense making. In this light, sense making further accommodates a strategic tool that helps organizations articulate their common visions which can be called prospective sense-giving while the tools that helps organizations decipher differences i n actions so the that their option may work well for their group can be termed as retrospective sense-discovering.Furthermore, the belief of sense making being partly deliberate and part emergent makes it a powerful tool for organization management, leadership and organizational learning. At best, sense making is an on-going process much like what learning is. There is no limit to learning. The fact that man has yet to use 97% of his brain capacity, that there is much need for compassion in the world tells many scholars that there is much sense in the notion of sense-making.Summary Learning is the ability that sets man apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Although there is learning in other animal species, organizational learning has captured mans ability to prove himself as an smart as a whip animal in the social context. When a person enters and organization, he sets himself as a member of a whole. As a participant of the whole, the individual synergizes his learning capa cities, styles and objectives with other members of the whole. Learning of the individual found in the whole is made possible only if the organization is able to learn first. With the learning tools of sense making, the organization is able to form new knowledge. The knowledge formed has characteristics not found in individual learning. The knowledge formed from sense making in organizations hold both retrospective and prospective senses of the organization as a whole. Elements that form this knowledge is derived from the embodied behaviour, cognition, experience and growth patterns of each individual making the collective acquire its own behaviour, experience, growth pattern and intelligence. Reflecting on my own learning capacities including development of my own senses, I can prepare myself as I become a part of an organization. Many people enter organizations thinking that they are social institutions fully inorganic. With further understanding of sense making, I have become ful ly aware that organizations are alive because not only do they reproduce (forming other torpedo organizations, become global organizations and multinationals), react to stimulus (such as currency fluctuations, technological breakthroughs), grows (such as increase in revenue, increase in employees), they also essentially learn, produce knowledge and ultimately try to make sense in this world.ReferencesArgyris, C. and Schon, D. (1978) Organizational Learning a theory of action perspective, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA.Brookfield, S. (1987) Developing Critical Thinkers intriguing Adults to Explore Alternative Ways of Thinking and Acting, Open University Press, Milton Keynes.Burke, P. (2000) A Social History of Knowledge, Polity Press, Cambridge.Choo, Chun Wei (2006) The Knowing Organization How organizations use information to construct meaning, create knowledge and make decisions, Oxford Uni. Press, Oxford.Dimitrov, V., Kuhn, L. and Woog, R. (2002) complexity Thinking A Catalyst for Creativity, School of Social Ecology and Lifelong Learning, UWS Printery.Easterby-Smith, M., Burgoyne, J. and Araujo, L. (1999) (Eds.). Organizational Learning and the Learning Organization developments in theory and practice, London, Sage.Field, L. and Ford, B. (1995) Managing Organizational Learning From Rhetoric to Reality, Longman, Melbourne.Fitzgerald, A. and Teal, G. (2003) Organizational Learning and Development Reader, Mc Graw-Hill, North Ryde.Fineman, S., Sims D.and Gabriel, Y. (2006) Organizing and Organizations, sharp-witted Pub., London.Flood, R.L. (1999) Rethinking the twenty percent discipline Learning with the unknowable. Routledge, New York.Foley, G. (Ed) (1995) Understanding adult education and training, Allen Unwin, St Leonards, NSWGlassop, L. and Waddell, D. (2005) Managing the Family Business, Heidelberg Press, Heidelberg, Victoria.Harvard Business Review (2001) Organizational Learning. McGraw-Hill, New York.Lassey, P. (1998) Developing a Learning Organization , Kogan Page, London.Nonaka, I. (1991) The Knowledge Creating Company, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.Pearn, M., Roderick, C., Mulrooney, C. (1995) Learning organizations in practice. McGraw-Hill, London.Polanyi, M. (1962) person-to-person Knowing Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Senge, P. (1992) Fifth Discipline The art and practice of the learning organization, Random put up, Milsons Point.Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., Smith, B. (1994). The fifth discipline fieldbook Strategies and tools for building a learning organization, Double Bay Dell Publishing, New York.Senge, P. (1999) The dance of change the challenges of sustaining momentum in learning organizations, Random House, Milsons Point.Shaw, P. (2002) Changing the Conversations in Organizations London Routledge.Stacey, R., Griffin, D. and Shaw, P. (2000) Complexity and Management, London Routledge.Stacey, R. (1996) Complexity and Creativity in Organizations, San Francisco Berret-Koehler.Summers, J. and Smith, B. (2004) Communication Skills Handbook, Wiley and Sons, Milton, Qld.Wenger, E. (1998) Communities of Practice Learning, Meaning and Identity, Cambridge University Press, N.Y.Weick, Karl E. 1979. The Social Psychology of Organizing. 2nd ed. Random House New York.Weick, K. L. (1995) Sensemaking in Organizations, SAGE Pub., LondonUniversiteit Twente. 2004. Sense Making. http//www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Organizational%20Communication/Sensemaking.doc/

Concepts of Business Education Essay Example for Free

Concepts of Business Education probePresentations The nurses willing be shown presentations by experienced nurses and doctors. 5. Quiz There will be quizzes held for the nurses on the things taught. 6. valuation The nurses will be evaluated according to their performance. 7. Demonstrations The nurses will be effrontery demonstrations by the experienced nurses on maintenance giving. 8. Implementation The nurses will have to demonstrate whatever they have learnt under the supervision of the department head. 9. bear evaluation Depending on the performance of the nurses, they will be posted in the required departments. The most staple fiber problem of philosophy of education is that concerning aims what are the proper aims and guiding ideals of education? What are the proper criteria for evaluating educational efforts, institutions, practices, and products? Some of the AIMS proposed or involved in the educational endeavor are cultivation of curiosity and the passion to inqui re fostering of creativity production of knowledge and of knowledgeable students enhancement of understanding promotion of lesson thinking feeling and action enlargement of the imagination fostering of growth, increment, and self-realization Based on the AIMS concept we are building an online encyclopedism system for our employees Ideally, the learning outcomes in order of priority are ?Translated into class content, resources and an approach to the teaching and learning process that will enable a student to achieve those outcomes. ? formerly these basic parameters have been thought through, the courseware development team will share the responsibility of translating the theory and intentions into courseware and online learning functions. These courses will then be delivered by the learning management system (LMS) ? LMS will interface with the library and early(a) digital resources named services along with the student information system (SIS) ? This activity will be done t hrough a secure server that support authenticate the student login. From the students steer of view, they will connect to the LMS and the related services through a go forr-friendly users portal, with a single login, they can have access to their courses and can be linked to all related resources and services.Finally, to ensure ongoing improvement, an evaluation process for the effectiveness of the system, based on achievement of the learning outcomes and students feedback will be put in place, in the form of an independent quality assessment process, which also provides feeds back into the development cycle. Through the above steps the organization plans to provide quality education by making them online, the courses would cover organizational development programs like oTime Management oLeadership Skills Training oConflict Management Workforce Development Relating LMS Courses to AIMS as per John Dewey AIMS always relate to results, the first and most important thing is whether the work assigned possesses intrinsic continuity AIMS implies an orderly and request activity, one in which the order consists in the progressive completion of a process AIMS means foresight in advance of the end or possible terminationAIMS as a foreseen end gives style to the activity its not an idle view for the spectator but influences steps taken to top the end. How each prior event leads into its successor while the successor takes up what is furnished and utilizes it for some other stage, until we arrive at the end, which summarizes and finishes the process? Foresight functions in 3 ways ?Involves careful observation of given conditions and means available to reach the end. ?Suggest the proper order or sequence in the use of means, facilitating economical selection and arrangement. ?Makes choice of alternatives possible

Overseas Students Participate in Cultural Activities Essay Example for Free

abroad Students Participate in Cultural Activities EssayCultural activities are activities where people spend their leisure cartridge holder attending heathen venues and events. For example, ethnic activities include going to art galleries, museums, libraries, operas, concerts and the cinema. People want to get feelings of eudaimonia and gain more knowledge by participating in cultural activities.Participation in cultural activities influences the development of students in many aspects, such as for entertainment and knowledge. The involvement of students in cultural activities asshole help them develop a well-rounded education. For oerseas students in Australia, participating in native cultural activities can also help them reduce culture shock and provide a better instruction for students to understand more information concerning the history, customs and beliefs in Australia. In a survey concerned with conjunction in cultural activities among Australian people, it was found that somewhat 85% of the Australian people who aged over 15 years old participated in at least one of cultural activity during the 12 months in 2005-06 (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (ABS) (2007). loss to the cinema was the most popular activity which had the highest percentages at 65% of people. Going to zoological parks and aquariums were the two second most common activities, at 36% libraries and botanic gardens were at 34% (ABS, 2007). In addition, the same study found that people with higher educational background had comfortably higher attendance rates than people with lower educational attainment at art galleries, museums, zoological parks and aquariums, libraries, popular music concerts, other performing arts and the cinema. Moreover, in previous research, it was found that slightly 25% of respondents went to the library over 20 times during the year. (ABS, 2007).However, little research has been done to compare differences in participation in cultural activitie s amid overseas students in Australia and Australian people. The aim of this research is to scrape out whether overseas students cultural activity behaviors were similar to Australians.MethodologyThis research was carried out in Navitas side of meat language school on 10th December 2010, and was concerned about the participation in cultural activities of overseas students. Data were collected through questionnaires in the school. The participants consisted of 50 overseas students (25 males and 25 females), who were aged between 18-24 and 25-34, just one person was over 35. The majority of the sample were Chinese other subjects were from Thailand, Vietnam, Korea, Indonesia, and Japan.The questionnaire, which was administered informally and contained 8 questions, was made up of three sections demographic information, the type and the frequency of cultural activities. Specifically, 4 questions were developed to drop general information one question was about which cultural activiti es students participated in the other 3 items asked about how often students participated in cultural activities per year, involving all cultural activities, going to the library and cinema.The survey was conducted by several(prenominal) groups each group consisted of 2-3 students. These groups respectively entered different classes to collect selective information using questionnaires. After collecting this, the data was shared by all groups.Data from questionnaires were then collated and converted to percentages. The results were compared according to gender, education and frequency in graphs.

Roles of Computer in Education Essay Example for Free

Roles of Computer in schooling EssayThere is no doubt that education and the learning process has changed since the introduction of computers. The search for discipline has become easier and amusing, and connectivity has expedited the data availability. Though expert systems have made computers more intelligent, they have not unless become a substitute of the human interaction in the learning process. In my opinion what earth-closet be expected, is a change of the teachers role but not their disappearance from the classroom.Nobody can make out that the acquisition of knowledge is more fun and easier with computers. The mere activity of touching and exploring this device constitutes an enjoyable trade union movement for a kid. This, accompanied with the relaxing attitude and software interactivity, usually conduce to a better envious of new knowledge. At a higher educational level the availability of digital books, simulator and other faculty member materials, provide the student with an ever accessible source of information, that otherwise would not be at hand.But, at any rate the increasing complexity and behavior of intelligent software, which is usually embedded in the academic digital material, the expect of human interaction in the learning process will always be present, at least(prenominal) in the foreseeable future. There is the necessity for a human being to be able to happen what the specific needs of each individual are. The expertise of a teacher in how to explain and admit complex concepts to different individuals can hardly be mimicked by a computer, no matter how modern its software is.As computers are becoming a common tool for teaching, teachers should be more conscious(predicate) of their role as guides in the acquisition of knowledge rather than transmitters of facts. They have to be open apt(p) to the changes that are taking place, keep updated and serve as a problem solvers in the learning process, consequently allowing students to discover the facts for themselves.To summarize, in my personal view, teachers play and will play an important role in the classroom, oddly at the primary level. No matter how complex computers become, there will be no stand-in for the human interaction, but in the way how this interaction takes place.

Memories of a Childhoods Slavery Day Essay Example for Free

Memories of a Childhoods slavery Day EssayIn Memories of Childhoods Slavery Days, Annie Burton was born into slavery in 1858 on a plantation outside of Clayton, Alabama and raised by her mistress after her mother ran away. She grew up during the Civil War and remembers her early days on the plantation. afterwards being set free, Burtons mother returned for her children. Annie was hired as a nanny by Mrs. E. M. Williams, who taught her how to read and write. later on her mother died, Annie took responsibility for her three younger siblings and moved to Boston in 1879. She later moved to gallium and then Jacksonville, Florida, where she worked in a restaurant before returning to Boston.In 1888, she married, and ran a boarding support with her husband. She began taking evening classes at the Franklin Evening School, and the headmaster, Frank Guild, suggested that each of the students write their life story. It was this suggestion that gave Burton the elevate to write her auto biography. Burtons Memories of Childhoods Slavery Days (1909) is divided into four parts. In the first section, called Recollections of a Happy Life, Burton dialog about her childhood on the plantation in Alabama and her marriage to Samuel H. Burton. In the second section, Reminiscences, Burton reflects on being set free and the way it changed her life.The third section, Vision gives a detailed account of Burtons ghostly change. Burton also includes an essays and poems she wrote. The memory of my happy, care-free childhood days on the plantation, with my little white and black companions, is often with me. uncomplete master nor mistress nor neighbors had time to bestow a thought upon us, for the large Civil War was raging. That great event in American history was a matter wholly outside the realm of our girlish interests.Of course we heard our elders discuss the various events of the great struggle, but it meant nothing to us. Burton talks about clear-sighted that the Civil Wa r was going on but not being old enough to spot or care about it. She also calls it a great event in American history. though it may not have been to white Southerners, it was day slaves were waiting for. She also states that There are underground wrongs perpetrated by the whites against the negro wash that will never be brought to light until the race owns and controls its own effortless newspapers which alone have the power to discover and enthrone truth, thus becoming a safe indicate to all honest seekers of facts respecting the race whether from a moral, educational, political or religious field.To carry out the plans suggested, whether viewed from an intellectual, industrial, commercial, or editorial standpoint, the world must acknowledge that to-day the negro race has the men and women, who are true to their race and all that stands for negro progress.

Working with emergent change

Working with eruptnt commuteIntroductionNowadays, people list to speak of living in a fast-moving and aleatory world (Burnes, 2004, p. 886), in a pissed, dynamic and unpredictable environs (Burnes, 2000, p. 300) in which the frequency, dimensions and unpredictability of falsifys ar higher(prenominal) than ever before (e.g. Kotter, 1996). Hammer and Champsy level off go so far as to say that because of its ubiquity and endurance assortment is the norm (2001, p.25). Thus, the Heraclitean dictum that everything changes and zippo abides seems more topical than ever. Nonetheless, you have to take nonice of the fact that ab off 70% of all change initiatives fail (Beer Nohria, 2000, p.133). How can this phenomenon be explained? What ne atomic number 18s of change exist and what enables organisations to manage changes self- doly?In the following essay, I conk first outline the traditional admittance of plotted change, its critics and, out of these, the evolving Emergent co unterchange border on. Subsequently, I will question if a sheer center on the seeming predominant processual approach is sufficient. I will do so by outlining typeface studies of two organisations that successfully implemented changes by paying(a) attention to some(prenominal) think and egroup meeting changes. These results and Burnes analysis of a encourage organisational change initiative will fall out to my conclusion that the consideration of both perspectives is necessary for successful organisational changes. Then, I will briefly essay possible reasons that strength lead to the previously discussed one-sided perspectives before I end the essay with a conclusion.Planned ChangeThe Planned Change approach seemed to prevail in the theory as vigorous as the practice of change management from the late 1940s to the early 1980s (Burnes, 2000, p.281) and is often referred to as the best developed, documented and supported approach to change (Ibid.).Its roots mainly lie in th e proceed of Kurt Lewin (Bamford and Forrester, 2003, p.547) who is cal take by Schein the intellectual father of () plan change (1994, p.239). Many be after change attempts ar base on his three-stage model of unfreezing, moving and refreezing (Livne-Tarandach Bartunek, 2009). Nevertheless, it has to be noted that Lewin himself believed that a successful change considered his concepts about celestial sphere Theory, Group Dynamics and Action Research in accession to his famous three-stage model (Burnes, 2004, p.887). However, in touch to his latter model, the three steps can be outlined as followed Unfreezing describes the destabilization of a quasi-stationary counterpoise that exists in a compount field of driving and inhibiting forces (Ibid.). It is postulated that this equilibrium has to be unsettled to overcome old lasting human behaviour. Moving refers to the process of transmission to a new-fashioned way of being (http//www.change-management-coach.com/kurt_lewin.htm l). To lead to an stomach change this process requires reenforcement. Thus, the last step, refreezing, covers the stabilization of the new behaviour (Burnes, 2004, p.887). Bamford and Forrester state that this perspective is grounded on the laying claim that organisational change is a process that moves from one fixed state to another through a serial publication of pre- be after steps (2003, p.547). Consequently, it is to be systematically analysable and can be intentionally designed, initiated, and realized (Livne-Tarandach Bartunek, 2009).The importance of Lewins cypher on organisational change is indisbutable. Accordingly, several(prenominal) authors have developed resembling approaches, such as Cummings and Huses (1989) eight-phase model or Bullocks and Battens (1985) intravenous feeding phase model of planned change (Bamford Forrester, 2003, p.547).Nonetheless, the weaknesses of the planned change approach at a measure in which the environs becomes more and more unpre dictable and turbulent seem obvious. Thus, many critical voices call d induce especially in the early 1980s following the oil shocks of the 1970s, the expanding Japanese competitive power and the apparent eclipse of Western industry (Burnes, 2000, p.281). These events raised questions regarding the efficacy and appropriateness of the established approaches. The main points of criticism, that mainly came from the culture-excellence school, the postmodernists and the processualists are outlined in the following (Burnes, 2004).First, the Planned Change perspective is reproached to neglect environmental factors that force be incompatible with the planned change. For instance, Stickland, who draws on systems theory, emphasises the role of internal and external influences as drivers for organisational change (Tarandach Bartunek, 2009, p.4). A further point of criticism, that is especially brought out by the processualists, is that a change is not a series of pre-identified trenchant a nd self-contained events, but a more open-ended and continuous process where it is often unfeasible or unwanted to define a precise end state (Livne-Tarandach Bartunek, 2009, p.5). Furthermore, critics, such as Pfeffer (1992), blame the approach for ignoring the role of power and politics. They claim, in addition, that the advocated assumption of easily recognizable and resolvable conflicts is unrealistic in hearty-nigh organisational settings (Tarandach Bartunek, 2009, p.5).Emergent ChangeTaking these points of criticism into account, a contrasting perspective on organisational change has evolved, videlicet an sudden, processual approach. According to Weick, emerging changes comprise on-going accommodations, adaptions, and alterations that produce fundamental change without a priori intention to do so (2000, p.237) and although Bamford and Forrester argue that its followers seem to be more united in their stance against planned change than their agreement on a specific alte rnative (2003, p.547), you can still highlight true feature films that are typical for the Emergent Change approach.Peculiar to the approach is the assumption that organisational change occurs as a continuous process of experiment and adaption with the goal of adjusting the organisational processes and competences to a continuously changing environment. The head of a turbulent environment, that prevails in todays societies and makes exclusive planned change classs insufficient, is supported by several authors. Dawson (1994) and Wilson (1992), for mannikin, emphasize the demands for a higher employee flexibility and constant structural adjustment that are associated with an change magnitudely dynamic and uncertain backing environment (Burnes, 2000, p.283). This constant structural adaption is brought about through a great number of small- to medium-scale incremental changes which might give rise to a major re-configuration and transformation of an organisation (p.299).Related to this assumption is a further characteristic of the Emergend Change Approach, that is to say, the belief in the iterative and messy fashion of change processes (p.300). Thus, Pettigrew stresses the multi-causal, non-linear and unpredictable disposition of change that develops through the interplay of multiple variables () within an organisation (p.284). These variables involve different mise en scenes, political processes and consultation. Similarly, Dawson states that disruption, confusion and unforeseen events that emerge over long period-frames determine change processes (Dawson, 1994, cited in Burnes, 2000, p.285).Furthermore, the Emergent Change perspective sees organisational change as a political-social process and does not narrow it down to a sheer analytical-rational routine (p.300). Hence, it is assumed that during a change various parties will seek to preserve or amend their own interests. This can lead to conflicts and intrigues. Accordingly, Burnes argues that the successful management of power and politics is a prerequisite for effective change (p.292). These power struggles are not limited to the upper professions of an organisation. Thus, Burnes continues that it is beneficial not only to possess the support of senior and local anaesthetic managers, but also of trade unions and workplace employees.Summing up, you can say that the Emergent Change approach stems from the idea that change is continuous, unpredictable, and essentially political in nature (Livne-Tarandach Bartunek, 2009, p.5). It evolved in response to the traditional Planned Change approach that rooted in the works of Kurt Lewin, but seemed insufficient in a time characterized by a dynamic and unpredictable environment. However, although the declination of the Planned Change approach appeared predominant and the literature provided increasing support for the Emergent Change approach, it has to be questioned if a sheer focus on the lauded processual approach is adequate. Or w ould organisations profit from a combinational perspective paying attention to both approaches? Several authors, in fact, offer combining varying approaches to change (e.g. Burnes, 2004 Beer and Nohria, 2000) or have developed connection frames to link planned and rising change over time (Livne-Tarandach Bartunek, 2009, p.3). In the following I will present two interpreters of organisational changes to digest my opinion that neither a solely planned nor a sheer sudden change approach is likely to lead to successful changes. On the contrary, I argue for a combination of both approaches. fount 1A first example of the insufficiency of a perspective that would solely focus on planned or emergent changes is provided by Orlikowski and Hofman (2003) who studied the cosmos of a new technology and the go with changes in a software product company. They even go one step further and assume not just planned and emergent changes in organisations, but also opportunity-based changes.Zeta i s one of the Top 50 software companies in the USA and produces several powerful software products enabling decision support, executive information and market (p.269). Furthermore, it has a revenue of $100 million, and employs approximately 1000 people in its offices around the world.In 1992, a new groupware technology was introduced in the Customer Service Department (CSD) within which a new incidental Tracking Support System (ITSS) was developed. The CSD consisted of specialists who technically advised clients, consultants and other Zeta employees and stakeholders via telephone. The aim of the new ITSS was to hasten the minuting of guest calls and of the respective resolving progress of customers problems. In the course of this process some planned organisational changes were executed. These changes are referred to as planned changes because they were predicted prior to the introduction of the new technology. For instance, the specialists were now to provide an superfluous work -in-progress documentation and the managers controled the departments recources more on the nose through the real-time access to workload information (p.271).Nevertheless, while using of the new technology, several emergent changes could be noted as well. The specialists, for example, worked out a body of informal eccentric indicators to ascertain the quality and value of prior resolutions (p.270) and managers considered documentation skills as decisive factors in hiring and evaluation processes. In the course of time further changes were introduced which Orlikowski and Hofman reference to as opportunity-based changes. In contrast to the beforehand mentioned, these changes were neither anticipated before the introduction of the new technology nor did they simply emerge spontaneously. Opportunity-based changes occur when an emergent change is observed and actors deliberatley decide to reinforce (or undercut) that change (http//icd.si.umich.edu/cknobel/?q=node/41). Thus, they are en forced in situ and responding to arising chances and problems. An example of such an opportunity-based change appeared along the maneuver of partnerships between less expert subordinate specialists and more experienced senior specialists to redistribute call gobs which lead to unforeseen problems. For instance, the junior specialists ref employ to cede calls that were too difficult to their senior partners because they wanted to appear fitting and didnt want their senior partners to be overloaded. On the other hand, the senior specialists were too engaged to monitor their junior partners. Thus, the new role of an intermediary was introduced to prevent the collapse of the system. This intermediary was seen as a buffer to facilitate the information flow between the junior and the senior partner. A range of opportunity-based changes arouse during the usage of the new technology that demonstrated the importance of ongoing learning and change in practice in organizations.Thus, the ex ample showed that although planned changes occur in organisations, they are usually accompanied by emergent and opportunity-based changes. This means that the planned change of the introduction of the new technology in the CSD was followed by other planned changes as the additional work tasks of the employees on the one hand. Nevertheless, further ongoing changes emerged that made a continuous adaption of the organization essential. voice 2Wikstrm (2004) presents another vivid example of an organisation that has to deal with planned as well as emergent changes that devise at environmental, organisational and single(a) levels. His case study of the company Tieto-X discusses a successful customer relationship marketing (CRM) implementation and illustrates diverse ongoing changes to which the company had to respond.Tieto-X is Finlands leading contract work solutions company that specializes in Information Technology. In 2002 employed about 270 people. The structure of the organisatio n and the collaboration with its clients made it necessary that the customer could have recourse to Tieto-Xs operational system. This allowed the client, for example, to follow up the progress of an IT project.To cope with its quick growth, Tieto-X decided to start a total systems renewal process in 2002 (p.6) and to change its business dodge from product/service-oriented to a customer-oriented one (p.8). In addition to this planned change event the company was receptive to several further planned as well as emerging changes that took place on an environmental, organisational and separate level (p. 6).On an environmental level of observation, Tieto-X faced, for instance, the socalled Year 2000 phenomen and Finlands accession to the EMU that both lead to increase business chances through higher demands for IT services. Another emergent change event that affected the company from the environment was the enlarged entry of foreign firms into the Finish market and the accompanied shar pened competetion.On an organisational level several planned change events could be observed in addition to the beforehand mentioned fundamental change of Tieto-Xs business strategy to a more customer-oriented perspective and the final CRM implementation. For instance, there were multiple company mergers during the years 2000 and 2002 and the associated merging of disparate organisational cultures. Furthermore, a new product and service portfolio was elaborated and an altered reward system was invented. However, even on this organisational level of observation, Tieto-X had to cope with an emergent change event, namely the turnover of top management.Moreover, you could observe different planned and emergent change events on an individual level. Thus, changes in occupational descriptions and new divisions of tasks represented planned change events and the rise in turnover of salespeople as well as the request for new competencies consituted emergent changes to which the company had to respond.The example illustrates that organisational change is a multifaceted phenomenon (p.9) with planned and emergent changes happening on an environmental, organisational and individual level. Tieto-Xs CRM implementation was successful because the organisation managed to deal with both the anticipated as well as the ongoing and unforeseen changes.Complementing the two discussed cases that clearly demonstrate the need for organisations to pay attention to both planned and emergent changes, Burnes is a decisive advocate of the combinational perspective. For instance, he draws on the case of XYZ construction, a multi-national enterprise that used planned as well as emergent changes between 1996 and 2000 to transform itself, illustrating that planned and emergent changes are not to be seen as competitors and that they are neither mutually exclusive nor incapable (Burnes, 2004, p.899). In addition to spotting the right moment when an organisation is ready for a change, he identifies the ability to understand the organisational context as a key competency of management to ensure successful organisational changes. Thus, the management has to comprehend the organisations nature and its circumstances that determine what and how changes have to occur (Ibid.).Possible reasons for a onesided perspectiveRegarding this discussion one might ask why people solely considered a planned or emergent change approach in the first place. The reasons for managers to consider planned change initiatives seem obvious. First, planned change programmes communicate a sense of security and control (e.g. Nutt, 1993). The idea of a change initiative starting at a certain point, running through a series of predetermined stages and ending at a predefined outcome might appear riskless and especially appealing to managers who face the pressure of conducting a change programme while keeping up the business as usual. Furthermore, people perceive uncertainness as strongly aversive in general ( Bordia, Hobman, Jones, Gallois and Callan, 2004). Even if one could argue that this promised predictability might be illusionary when conducting change problems in real dynamic business environments with people who are, at least partly, led by their own desires, fears, perceptions and assumptions, one has to take into account that some situations certainly require a planned, systematic approach. Consider for example the introduction of a new IT-sytem. On the other hand, advocates of the emergend change approach might argue that planned changes are useless because of the unpredictable nature of the organisations business environment and the change process in general. Thus, they might ask why attempt a planned change anyway if you assume that plan A does not lead to anticipated result B. Here you see a problem that is often associated with approaches that arise out of a backblash from an apparent devaluated one. Although the main ideas themselves seem totally reasonable and appropriat e, a sheer focus on the newly originated aspects might turn out to be as insufficient as the initially criticised approach.ConclusionThis essay critcally discussed the statement that as the environment becomes more unpredictable, OD will have to alleviate organisations learn to work with emergent change (in addition to planned change). Therefore, I introduced the traditional approach of planned change and the critical review that faced it especially during the 1980s. The Emergent Change approach that arouse out of the outlined points of cristicsm was presented subsequently. Afterwards, I challenged the appropriateness of the Emergent Change approach and raised the question if it might be necessary to consider both approaches to set the conditions for successful organisational changes. Hence, I analysed this question by presenting two case studies of organisations that faced planned and emergent change events during their organisational changes. Both companies succeed due to their a ttention paid to both approaches. This fact and Burkes case study strengthened my belief in the beforehand raised question and led to my conclusion that an organisation must to be able to deal with planned and emergent changes to survive in the dynamic and unpredictable environment of the 21st century.